PayBox

PayBox

E-BUSINESS MODEL

It is always interesting to talk about e-business. This innovative way is very amazing. A person can sell his product all around the world by clicking and vice versa. A person can buy a product from another side of earth by clicking the mouse.

E-business is not only selling and buying. There various kind of e-business. Here i will tell you about e-business model (Timmer).

There are 11 e-business model :
1. e-shops
2. e-procurement
3. e-malls
4. e-auction
5. virtual communities
6. collaboration platform service
7. third party marketplace
8. value-chain integrator
9. value-chain service provider
10. information service brokerage
11. trust and other third-party

I think all of you can guess the definition of point 1 to 4. Therefore, i will not tell you the definition in detail.
Probably you will ask, what is the difference between e-shops and e-malls? e-mall is a group of e-shops, while e-shop is "stand alone" online shop.

Now i will let you know the definition of point 5 to 11...

Virtual Communities
focus on added value of communication between members
Collaboration Platform Service
e.g. collaborative design
Third Party Marketplace
common marketing front-end and transaction support to multiple businesses
Value-Chain Integrator
added value by integrating multiple steps of the value chain
Value-Chain Service Provider
support part of value chain, e.g. logistics, payments
Information Service Brokerage
trust providers, business information and consultancy


After reading this article, i hope your knowledge about e-busines broadens. Now, you can choose which e-business will you take. God Speed!!

Business Transformation in Digital Economy

Hi .. long time no post...
My blog was hybernate for a periode
Now my spirit to write rise again ... :)

Now i want to share you information about Business Transformation in Digital Economy. As you know very well, nowadays digital lifestyle is begin to emerge. The internet both fixed and mobile change the way people to communicate and run their life. Economy and business are influenced as well. Economy Now, i hear a new term n business world DIGITAL ECONOMY. Internet change economy from physical economy to digital economy.

Here are the differences between physical economy and digital economy :

VNC (Virtual Network Computing)

VNC is software that is used for remote desktop application. An engineer from JDSU introduced me to VNC. We can use VNC to control another desktop. It is very simple, just connect your desktop and remote desktop with cross cable and play your VNC. In VNC application you just need to fill IP address, Subnet, and DNS of your remote desktop. After that... you can control your remote desktop easily.

To install VNC it is very easy as well. It has its free edition.

I use VNC to control Optical DWDM Analyzer. I use JDSU. It is a kind of Optical spectrum analyzer that is specially designed for DWDM measurement. We an use USB memory stick to copy measurement result and process it in our desktop. But... it is very risky. Why? USB memory stick is potential to spead virus to our analyzer. So, i prefer to use VNC to display the result and capture the result by "print screen-ing" it.

About "print screen-ing" i will talk later. It uses a special software : SNAGIT.

Buy Gold Now for Your Future!

What poor man do if he get a million dollar? He will spend his money for electronic equipment, new car, vacation, and think hard how to spend his money.

What rich man do if he get a million dollar? He will think the way to "reproduce" the money. He never think to spend his money except for his primary and secondary needs. What in his mind is investation!!!

I hope you get the point of my explanation above. Rich man thinks how to get more money from small amount of money. The answer is investation. The real rich man will invest his money into gold. He will buy gold coin or buy gold bullion. The one who buy gold coin is one who loves about art. For the one who don't care about art, he will purchase gold bullion. For him, the most important thing is the value of the gold. Art is not important. Either buy gold coin or buy bullion
is better than buying jewelery. Why? Although they are the same gold, you must pay more for production cost of jewelery. Another weakness of jewelery is selling price is lower than buying price. In the other word you will loss some money when you sell your jewelery.

So.. what are you waiting for. Buy gold coin , buy gold bullion now! For a better future!

Online Course in ITU Academy

Now you can join varIous online course about telecommunication in :

http://academy.itu.int/

To enroll the course you must obtain enrollment key. How to get enrollment key?
ITU usually invites particular enterprise or government institution to join the course. It gives enrollment key to the ones which are invited.

Direct TV

DirecTV provides television and audio services to subscribers through satellite transmissions. Services include the equivalent of many local television stations, broadcast television networks, subscription television services, satellite radio services, and private video services. Subscribers have access to dozens or hundreds of channels, so its competitors are cable television service and other satellite-based services

Consumers who purchased DirecTV equipment subscribe to various packages of DirecTV programming for which the subscriber pays a monthly fee. A subscriber also can order pay-per-view events and movies. DirecTV contracts with and pays program providers such as cable networks, motion picture distributors, sports leagues, event promoters, and other programming rights holders, for the right to distribute their programming to its subscribers. All programming distributed by DirecTV is delivered to its broadcast centers in Castle Rock, Colorado, and Los Angeles, California, where it is then digitized and compressed. The resulting signal is encrypted, or electronically scrambled, by DirecTV to prevent its unauthorized reception. DirecTV then transmits these signals to several satellites located in stationary orbit approximately 22,300 miles above the equator

Blue Screen

Yesterday, i've got my laptop underwent 'blue screen'
Anybody knows what it is?

Let u s check the answer. I took this from wikipedia :

The Blue Screen of Death (also known as a stop error, BSoD, bluescreen, or Blue Screen of Doom) is a colloquialism used for the error screen displayed by some operating systems, most notably Microsoft Windows, after encountering a critical system error which can cause the system to shut down to prevent damage.

Bluescreens on NT-based Windows systems are usually caused by poorly-written device drivers or malfunctioning hardware. In the Win9x era, incompatible DLLs or bugs in the kernel of the operating system could also cause bluescreens. They can also be caused by physical faults such as faulty memory, power supplies, overheating of computer components, or hardware running beyond its specification limits. Bluescreens have been present in all Windows-based operating systems since Windows 3.1; earlier, OS/2 suffered the Black Screen of Death, and early builds of Windows Vista displayed the Red Screen of Death after a boot loader error.

802.1x

What is 802.1x?

"Port-based network access control makes use of the physical access characteristics of IEEE 802 LAN infrastructures in order to provide a means of authenticating and authorizing devices attached to a LAN port that has point-to-point connection characteristics, and of preventing access to that port in cases which the authentication and authorization fails. A port in this context is a single point of attachment to the LAN infrastructure." --- 802.1X-2001, page 1.


Figure 802.1X: A wireless node must be authenticated before it can gain access to other LAN resources

1. When a new wireless node (WN) requests access to a LAN resource, the access point (AP) asks for the WN's identity. No other traffic than EAP is allowed before the WN is authenticated (the "port" is closed).

   The wireless node that requests authentication is often called Supplicant, although it is more correct to say that the wireless node contains a Supplicant. The Supplicant is responsible for responding to Authenticator data that will establish its credentials. The same goes for the access point; the Authenticator is not the access point. Rather, the access point contains an Authenticator. The Authenticator does not even need to be in the access point; it can be an external component.

   EAP, which is the protocol used for authentication, was originally used for dial-up PPP. The identity was the username, and either PAP or CHAP authentication [RFC1994] was used to check the user's password. Since the identity is sent in clear (not encrypted), a malicious sniffer may learn the user's identity. "Identity hiding" is therefore used; the real identity is not sent before the encrypted TLS tunnel is up.

2. After the identity has been sent, the authentication process begins. The protocol used between the Supplicant and the Authenticator is EAP, or, more correctly, EAP encapsulation over LAN (EAPOL). The Authenticator re-encapsulates the EAP messages to RADIUS format, and passes them to the Authentication Server.

   During authentication, the Authenticator just relays packets between the Supplicant and the Authentication Server. When the authentication process finishes, the Authentication Server sends a success message (or failure, if the authentication failed). The Authenticator then opens the "port" for the Supplicant.

3. After a successful authentication, the Supplicant is granted access to other LAN resources/Internet.

Sumber : http://tldp.org/HOWTO/html_single/8021X-HOWTO/

MULTICAST TESTING USING SMART WINDOW

Hurray... I am happy today...
Finally i find a way to test Multicast service in IP network using Smart Window. :)
I found this way by my self!
Well... to understand how to use Smart Bits Application, such as Smart Window, we need to read the direction in help. Read it carefully, then you will find a light ho to operate Smart Bits for your IP device testing.

I want to tell you the detail about this. But not now. I will tell you later. Please be patient. I am planning to write a legal work instruction for multicast testing using Smart Window. I hope this document will be usefull for somebody else who will test multicast using Smart Window.

Page Rank

barusan nge check page rank blog ini...
Menyedihkan banget dong.
Masa page rank nya -1
T_T
Bukannya page rank terkecil itu 0 ??

INTERNETWORKING TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK

DI SINI

Coret2 tentang UU ITE

ITE = Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik

Jadi sekarang email, chat dan dokumen2 lain yang didapatkan dari dunia mayabisa menjadi evidence dalam bertransaksi.

Diundangkan 2008. Indonesia termasuk yang cepat mengaplikasikan UU ITE.

PP = presiden --> ngatur keseluruhan
PM = menteri --> ngatur internal departemen

UU ITE ini bisa menjadi anacaman dan peluang. Peluangnya tapi lebih banyak.
UU no 36 thn 99 --> telekomunikasi sudah diliberaralisasi. Kita bisa merambah ke broadcast dan perbankan.
Finnet = perkawinan antara telco dan perbankan
Telco skrg sudah menjadi ancaman bagi perbankan
Misal : e-voucher.
IPTV juga jadi ancaman bagi dunia broadcast. Kita akan mengeluarakan digital TV.

Undang-undang belum detail. Detailnya akan diturunkan di PP, PM, Kepdirjen, Perdirjen.
Untuk numbering ada di kepdirjen.
That's why UU ITE ini sangat strategis.

MATERI UNDANG-UNDANG ITE
Berlaku di indonesia dan di luar indonesia
Berlaku bagi semua orang

IE dan DE menjadi alat bukti yang sah!

Sertifikasi keandalan mirip2 sertifikat halal MUI atau BPOM (kalau di makanan)
Ada badan pengawas badan sertifikasi keandalan

Tanda tangan elektronik memiliki kekuatan hukum dan akibat hukum yang sah
Tanda tangan digital -> berbasis publik key infrastructure atau berbasis biometric

Sertifikasi digital dapat disimpan di smart card.
Penyelenggara sertifikasi elektronik harus berbadan hukum dan berdomisili di Indonesia, kalau asing harus terdaftar di Indonesia.

RE = registration authority
Seperti notaris yang akan mengecek alamat fisik.

Transaksi elektronik harus ada perjanjian elektroniknya. Berlaku untuk publik dan privat.
Transaksi elektronik memiliki syarat : subjektif dan objektif.
Subjektif : kesepakatan, dan kecakapan
Objektif : informasi valid, sebab yang halal.

Untuk lebih jelasnya, bisa baca dokumen UU ITE yang lebih lengkap. =D

Jitter For Beginner

What is jitter? Jitter is, as shown in Figure 1, is “the short-term variations of a signal with respect to its ideal position in time.”

Figure 1. Jitter in Clock Signals

This deviation in a clock’s output transition from its ideal position can negatively impact data transmission quality. In many cases, other signal deviations, like signal skew and coupled noise are combined and labeled as jitter.

Deviation (expressed in ±ps) can occur on either the leading edge or the trailing edge of a signal. Jitter may be induced and coupled onto a clock signal from several different sources and is not uniform over all frequencies.

Excessive jitter can increase the bit error rate (BER) of a communications signal by incorrectly transmitting a data bit stream. In digital systems, jitter can lead to a violation of timing margins, causing circuits to behave improperly. Accurate measurement of jitter is necessary for ensuring the reliability of a system.

Sources of Jitter

Common sources of jitter include:

• Internal circuitry of the phase-locked loop (PLL)
• Random thermal noise from a crystal
• Other resonating devices
• Random mechanical noise from crystal vibration
• Signal transmitters
• Traces and cables
• Connectors
• Receivers

Beyond these sources, termination dependency, cross talk, reflection, proximity effects, VCC sag, ground bounce, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) from nearby devices and equipment can also increase the amount of jitter in a device.

Reflection and cross-talk frequency-dependent effects may be amplified if an adjacent signal is synchronous and in phase. Aside from noise caused by power supplies and ground, changes in circuit impedance are responsible for most of the jitter in data transmission circuits.

Jitter Components

The two major components of jitter are random jitter, and deterministic jitter.

Random Jitter

The random component in jitter is due to the noise inherent in electrical circuits and typically exhibits a Gaussian distribution. Random jitter (RJ) is due to stochastic sources, such as substrate and power supply. Electrical noise interacts with the slew rate of signals to produce timing errors at the switching points.

RJ is additive as the sum of squares, and follows a bell curve. Since random jitter is not bounded, it is characterized by its standard deviation (rms) value.

Deterministic Jitter

Deterministic jitter (DJ) is data pattern dependant jitter, attributed to a unique source. Sources are generally related to imperfections in the behavior of a device or transmission media but may also be due to power supply noise, cross-talk, or signal modulation.

DJ is linearly additive and always has a specific source. This jitter component has a non-Gaussian probability density function and is always bounded in amplitude. DJ is characterized by its bounded, peak-to-peak, value.

Types of Jitter

There are many different types of jitter. Period jitter, cycle-to-cycle jitter and half-period jitter are described below.

Period Jitter

Period jitter is the change in a clock’s output transition (typically the rising edge) from its ideal position over consecutive clock edges. Period jitter is measured and expressed in time or frequency. Period jitter measurements are used to calculate timing margins in systems, such as tSU and tCO.

Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter

Cycle-to-cycle jitter is the difference in a clock’s period from one cycle to the next. Cycle-to-cycle jitter is the most difficult to measure usually requiring a timing interval analyzer.

As shown in Figure 2, J1 and J2 are the measured jitter values. The maximum value measured over multiple cycles is the maximum cycle-to-cycle jitter.

Figure 2. Cycle-to-Cycle Jitter

Half-Period Jitter

Half-period jitter is the measure of maximum change in a clock’s output transition from its ideal position during one-half period. Figure 3 illustrates half-period jitter.

Half-period jitter impacts DDR transfer applications by reducing capture margins.

Figure 3. Half-Period Jitter

Jitter Specifications

The performance of the PLL is measured using several parameters. Three of the common specifications used to characterize the PLL are jitter generation, tolerance, and transfer.

Jitter Generation

Jitter generation is the measure of the intrinsic jitter produced by the PLL and is measured at its output. Jitter generation is measured by applying a reference signal with no jitter to the input of the PLL, and measuring its output jitter. Jitter generation is usually specified as a peak-to-peak period jitter value.

Jitter Tolerance

Jitter tolerance is a measure of the ability of a PLL to operate properly (i.e., remain in lock in the presence of jitter of various magnitudes at different frequencies) when jitter is applied to its reference. Jitter tolerance is usually specified using an input jitter mask.

Jitter Transfer

Jitter transfer or jitter attenuation refers to the magnitude of jitter at the output of a device for a given amount of jitter at the input of the device. Input jitter is applied at various amplitudes and frequencies, and output jitter is measured with various bandwidth settings. Since intrinsic jitter is always present, jitter attenuation will appear to be lower for low frequency input jitter signals than for high frequency ones. Jitter transfer is typically specified using a bandwidth plot.

References

Lecroy. 2001. Jitter & Timing Analysis Training Presentation.

http://www.altera.com/support/devices/pll_clock/jitter/pll-jitter.html

UdAH tERaGGREgASI

Learning spot detribelajar udah teraggregasi google...
Alhamdulillah... semoga bisa bermanfaat untuk siapa pun yang membutuhkan informasi yang ada dalam blog ini...
Walaupun blognya cuman copas an dari site lain, semoga bisa memudahkan proses belajar bagi siapapun, terutama untuk saya sendiri :)
Ayo terus belajar..... Jangan pernah berhenti ;)

TRANSMIT CHARACTERISTIC OF 1000BASE-SX SFP

These items is described on ITU-T standard : 802.3-2005

UNDERSTANDING LAUNCHED OPTICAL POWER WITHOUT INPUT TO TRANSMITTER

This is term that is used in Passive Optical Network Technology (PON). PON devices consist of : OLT and ONU/ONU. Downstream is direction from OLT to ONU/ONT, while upstream is direction from ONU/ONT to OLT.

Launched optical power without input to transmitter is different from mean launched optical power.

The mean launched power at OLT and ONU/ONT is the average power of a pseudo-random data sequence coupled into the fibre by the transmitter. It is given as a range to allow for some cost optimization and to cover all allowances for operation under standard operating conditions, transmitter connector degradation, measurement tolerances, and ageing effects.

In operating state, the lower figure is the minimum power which shall be provided and the higher one is the power which shall never be exceeded.

NOTE - The measurement of the launched power at the ONU/ONT optical interface shall take into account the bursty nature of the upstream traffic transmitted by the ONU/ONT.

In the upstream direction, the ONU transmitter shall launch no power into the fibre in all slots which are not assigned to that ONU. The ONU shall also launch no power during the Guard time of slots that are assigned to it, with the exception of the last Tx Enable bits which may be used for laser pre bias, and the Tx Disable bits immediately following the assigned cell, during which the output falls to zero. The launched power level during laser pre-bias must be less than 0.1 of the one level.

www.mblast.com/files/companies/89960/Document/gpon_pmd_white_v01.doc

Optical Power Bidget Calculation

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Solution

Optical power budget is term used to describe total amount of light energy amplitude available over a certain link path. The budget can be determined by subtracting the Receiver Sensitivity from the Optical Output Power. The optical budget serves as a useful estimation to determine if sufficient optical output power remains on the receiver side of an optical link. The optical power budget also refers to the allocation of available optical power (transmitted into a given fiber by a given source) among various loss-producing mechanisms.

The loss is caused by various factors. Typical losses are caused by fiber attenuation (per km), slice attenuation (per slice), and connector attenuation (per connector pair).

[Suggestions]

1. Power Budget = (Output / Launch Power) - (Receiver Sensitivity)
2. Worse case Optical Power Budget = (Min TX power) - (Max RX sensitivity) - (LED aging factor) - (insertion loss)

We'll use the following values to illustrate:
Min Tx Power = -9.5 dBm
Max Rx Sensitivity = -20 dBm
Estimated LED aging = 1 dB
Estimated Insertion loss = 1 dB

3. Therefore:
Optical Power Budget = (-9.5 dBm) - (-20 dBm)
Maximum Allowable Loss = 10.5 dB

4. Worst case OPB = Power Budget - Total Optical Power Loss =>
10.5 dB - 1dB (for LED aging) - 1dB (for insertion loss) - 1 dB (for per connector pair) - 2dB (safety factor) = 5 dB

5. Worst case distance = {Worst case OPB, in dB} / [Cable Loss, in dB/Km]

The Optical Power Budget is based on a theoretical calculation, and is for reference only. We still strongly recommend that you perform on-site testing to verify the result. On the data sheet, the supported fiber transmission distances are stated on each switch, with fiber port orSFP fiber modules. The customer can select the desired model without performing the power budget calculation.

http://www.moxa.com/support/faq/faq_detail.aspx?f_id=1239

Optical Power Bidget Calculation

Location: Home >> Support >> Technical FAQs >> Question 1239

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Technical FAQs

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Question	How do I calculate the Optical Power Budget?
Question Type	Application
Updated	Feb 27,2008
Hits	797
Products	SFP-1G Series, EDS-510A Series, EDS-726 Series, EDS-518A Series, EDS-516A Series, EDS-505A/508A Series, EDS-405A/408A Series, EDS-316 Series, EDS-309 Series, EDS-P308 Series, EDS-305-M12 Series, EDS-305/308 Series, EDS-205/208 Series, ED6008, EDS-405, EDS-50/505, OS5008, EDS-728 Series, PT-7

Solution

Optical power budget is term used to describe total amount of light energy amplitude available over a certain link path. The budget can be determined by subtracting the Receiver Sensitivity from the Optical Output Power. The optical budget serves as a useful estimation to determine if sufficient optical output power remains on the receiver side of an optical link. The optical power budget also refers to the allocation of available optical power (transmitted into a given fiber by a given source) among various loss-producing mechanisms.

The loss is caused by various factors. Typical losses are caused by fiber attenuation (per km), slice attenuation (per slice), and connector attenuation (per connector pair).

[Suggestions]

1. Power Budget = (Output / Launch Power) - (Receiver Sensitivity)
2. Worse case Optical Power Budget = (Min TX power) - (Max RX sensitivity) - (LED aging factor) - (insertion loss)

We'll use the following values to illustrate:
Min Tx Power = -9.5 dBm
Max Rx Sensitivity = -20 dBm
Estimated LED aging = 1 dB
Estimated Insertion loss = 1 dB

3. Therefore:
Optical Power Budget = (-9.5 dBm) - (-20 dBm)
Maximum Allowable Loss = 10.5 dB

4. Worst case OPB = Power Budget - Total Optical Power Loss =>
10.5 dB - 1dB (for LED aging) - 1dB (for insertion loss) - 1 dB (for per connector pair) - 2dB (safety factor) = 5 dB

5. Worst case distance = {Worst case OPB, in dB} / [Cable Loss, in dB/Km]

The Optical Power Budget is based on a theoretical calculation, and is for reference only. We still strongly recommend that you perform on-site testing to verify the result. On the data sheet, the supported fiber transmission distances are stated on each switch, with fiber port orSFP fiber modules. The customer can select the desired model without performing the power budget calculation.

Mengenal G.SHDSL

Type of standard for DSL* capable of speeds of 2.3mbps, or up to 4.6mbps in some cases, for both upload and download speeds. (1)

G.SHDL is the acronym of Giga Single-pair High bit rate Digital Subscriber Line (2)

G.SHDSL is a new international standard for single-pair, high-speed DSL, as defined in the ITU-T Standard G.991.2. Unlike asymmetric DSL, which was designed for residential applications in which more bandwidth is delivered downstream (to the house) than is available upstream (to the Internet), G.SHDSL is symmetrical - offering 2.3M bit/sec in both directions.

This makes G.SHDSL better-suited for business applications, which require higher-speed bandwidth in both directions.

G.SHDSL combines the positive aspects of existing copper-based, high-speed communications with the benefits of increased data rates, longer reach and less noise.

*DSL = Digital line subscriber


(1) http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/g/gshdsl.htm
(2) http://www.acronymdb.com/acronym/G.SHDSL